SPENT BLEACHING EARTH-BIOPROCESS (SBE) CHARACTERISTICS AGAINST INDONESIAN NATIONAL REGULATION FOR TOXIC-HAZARD WASTE AND SOIL AMENDMENT

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INTRODUCTION
In general, the palm oil industry dispose of SBE in the land field without a proper treatment process.Some peoples argue that the SBE still in high oil contents and will pose an environmental problem due to hazardous content and it will easily catch fires.The SBE from oil refining process could raise the oil content to 20-40% of the mass (Loh, S. K. et al. 2006K. et al. , Machmudah, S. et al, 2022)).According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 101 Year 2014, this waste could be classified as an hazardous and toxic material waste.In the regulation, it is stated that hazardous and toxic materials are substances, energy, and/or because of their nature, concentration, and/or amount, either directly or indirectly, can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or endanger the environment, health, and survival of humans and other living things (Indonesian Government, 2014).
The bleaching earth is an hydrated alumina silicate mineral, belong to a pilosilicate or layered silicate consisting of a tetrahedral network intertwined in an infinite plane to form an anion network with the chemical formula Al2O3.4SiO2.H2O (Abdel Basir, S.M., et al. 2023).So far, SBE has been widely used as a substitute for making bricks or adobe bricks.Utilization of SBE as a substitute for soil amendments that could provide considerable added value, compared to use them as a substitute for bricks or adobe bricks (Park, E.Y. et al. 2004, Loh S.K. et al, 2013).SBE is potentially to be used as a soil amendment and is classified as a mineral similar to agricultural zeolite.Bleaching earth alone is more characteristic of increasing pH, increasing CEC, and improving soil physical properties.It is believed that using SBE waste as a substitute for soil amendments can increase economic value and reduce environmental pollution (Loh S. K. et al, 2013).
Soil amendments are synthetic or natural, organic or mineral substances in solid or liquid form which are capable of improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil.The main functions of soil amendments are: (1) stabilizing soil aggregates to prevent erosion and pollution, (2) changing hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties, meaning changing the capacity of soil to hold water, and (3) increasing the ability of soil to hold nutrients by increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC).The position of soil amendments from inorganic materials will enrich the position of the fixer from organic matter.The effectiveness of soil amendments from organic materials enriched with certain materials such as zeolite, dolomite, and bentonite can increase the function of soil conditioners (Dariah et al., 2007;Dariah et al. 2010).This paper identifies the SBE content based on Indonesian National Regulation for toxic-hazard waste and soil amendment and to observe the possibility of using the SBE as soil amendments.

LITERATURE STUDY
Palm oil refinery process that involves bleaching, filtering, and adsorbing creates Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), abundantly.Inline with increases in palm oil production, the amount of SBE will also be increased over the year.In 2022, Indonesian palm oil production reaches 46.7 million tons, which produces the SBE more than 450 thousand tons (BPS, 2022).
Soil amendments are synthetic and/or natural, organic and/or mineral materials in solid and/or liquid form that are capable of improving the physical, chemical and/or biological properties of soil.A soil amendment formula is a composition of synthetic and/or natural organic materials, synthetic and/or natural minerals that make up a soil amendment.Soil amendment quality testing is carried out to analyze the content of the main ingredients and active ingredients and/or heavy metal elements or other elements in the soil amendment which is carried out in the laboratory in accordance with the specified quality requirements.Meanwhile, testing the effectiveness of soil amendments is a laboratory and/or greenhouse or field test activity to determine the effect of soil amendments on improving the physical and/or chemical and/or biological properties of soil and plant productivity (Ministry Agriculture Regulation No. 1 of 2019).
According to Government Regulation No. 101 of 2014, hazardous and toxic waste is the remainder of a business and/or activity which can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or endanger the environment, health and survival of humans and other living creatures.Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a Toxic Characteristic Leaching Procedure, LD50 toxicology test, and subchronic toxicology test.TCLP is a laboratory procedure to predict the potential for hazardous and toxic material leaching from waste.The Lethal Dose-50 Spent Bleaching Earth-Bioprocess (SBE) Characteristics Against Indonesian National Regulation for Toxic-Hazard Waste and Soil Amendment (Asep Kurnia, E.S. Harsanti, Asep Nugraha Ardiwinata, Teddy Sutriadi, Wahida Annisa Yusuf) (LD50) Toxicology Test is a biological test to measure the dose-response relationship between hazardous and toxic waste and the death of test animals which produces a 50% (fifty percent) death response in test animal population.
Waste processing aims to reduce the level of pollution, which can be done chemically, biologically and physically.Chemically by means of neutralization, precipitation, and coagulation, biologically by using microorganisms, and physically by filtration, adsorption and sedimentation (Reynolds, 1982).Kanjana et al (2012) stated that the use of bentonite as a soil amendment can increase cassava production.Meanwhile, Wafaa et al (2016) said that the use of bentonite can reduce evapotranspiration and increase crop yields on sandy soil.

Material
The SBE bioproses is SBE that has undergone biological processing to reduce the oil content in it.This material was collected from plant site of PT Triputera Jaya Sentosa (TJS) that located in Kediri, East Java which is that company had collaboration with Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute (IAERI) regarding this research.The sampling of SBE was following method SNI 19-0428-1998 about Guidance for Collection of Solid Sample.

Analysis of SBE-bioprocess Content as Toxic-Hazard Waste
Analysis of the content of SBE-bioprocess as Toxic-Hazard waste consists of analyzing the contaminant chemical compounds contained in SBE either with inorganic TCLP (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure) or organic TCLP as well as analyzing physical properties such as flash point and reactivity (SNI 8808, 2019).Analysis was conducted at Hazardous and Toxic Waste Laboratory, Ministry of Environmental and Forestry, Serpong, Tangerang.Indonesia.

Analysis of SBE-bioprocess content according to the criteria of soil amendment
Analysis of the content of SBE-bioprocess as a soil amendment was carried out using the criteria for a special function soil amendment as well as the criteria for an organic soil amendments (Balittanah, 2005).Analysis was conducted at Integrated Laboratory, Indonesia Agricultural Environmental Research Institute, Jaken, Pati, Indonesia.

SBE-bioprocess as Toxic-Hazard Waste
The characteristics of SBE is shown in Table 1.Generally, all parameters tested were relatively low and meet the quality standard based on Government Regulation No. 101 year 2014 as toxic-hazard waste including for the characteristic test (flammable test and reactivity test), TCLP anorganic as well as TCLP organic.It happens was due to the microbiological treatment of SBE which reduces the content of toxic and dangerous chemicals that can cause disturbances in the environment.The decrease of value that occurs was below the maximum value of regulation so that it can guarantee if it is applied to the soil as a soil amendment it will not cause environmental problems.4).Surprisingly, another research showed the value CEC was only 8-39 cmol(+)/Kg (S.K. Loh, et al. 2013).The value was so high above the standard that is potential to develop as certain function soil amendments.As and Hg concentration were below the limit of detection (0.02 ppb) while the Indonesian standard was 10 and 1 ppb, it is very well condition that neglect possibility to pollute the soil and any fact that another research showed SBE can remove heavy metal (Martin and Grossmann, 2023). Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni content in SBE-Bioprocess were 20.19, 1.63, 21.96, and 11.37  pH, water content, C-organic, Nitrogen total, and C/N ratio of SBE bioprocess were 5,6, 5,16 %, 11,21 %, 1,2%, and 9,3 while the technical requirements were 4-9, 8-20%, ≥ 15%, no standard for N total, and ≥25, respectively (Table 5).As organic soil amendments, this SBE bioprocess should increase value of C organic because it was too low.To increase the value of C organic could be added by organic material such as cattle manure, paddy straw and others while water content could be adjusted by heating process that also affected to C/N ratio value.Another research results of SBE showed that pH, Corganic and N content were lower than SBE bioprocess that were 5,05, 0,46 % and 0,08%, respectively (Cheong, K.Y. et al., 2013).
Tabel 5 Technical Requirements of Organic Soil Amendment.Hazardous and Toxic Waste is the residue of a business and/or activity containing B3 which can pollute and/or damage the environment, and/or endanger the environment, health, and the survival of humans and living things.Therefore it is necessary to carry out the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, the LD50 toxicological test, and the subchronic toxicological test.TCLP is a laboratory procedure to predict the potential for leaching of B3 from a waste.Lethal Dose-50 Toxicology Test (LD50) is a biological test to measure the dose-response relationship between B3 waste and death of test animals resulting in a 50% (fifty percent) death response in test animal population (Government Regulation No. 101 of 2014).

CONCLUSION
According to the result of analysis, SBE bioprocess could not be categorized as hazardous and toxic waste due to the very low value of hazard dan toxic compounds.As organic soil amendments, this SBE bioprocess should increase value of C organic because it was too low.The SBE has high value of CEC, so it has potential to develop as certain function soil amendments.It needs to try using SBE bioprocess or others soil amandments on massive applications to overcome soil degradation and also increase soil healthy in Indonesia so that it can increase crop production.

Spent Bleaching Earth as special function soil amendment.
Tabel 1 Results of Characteristic Test and TCLP of SBE.

Table 2
Results of the chemical analysis of the special function of the SBE-Bioprocess soil amendments.

Table 3
Results of the chemical analysis of SBE-Bioprocess organic soil amendments.

Table 6
Standard Values for Toxic Characteristics Through TCLP and Total Concentrations for Determination of Management of Soil Contaminated with Hazardous and Toxic Wastes (Government Regulation No.101 of 2014).